Details of the Drug

General Information of Drug (ID: DMA13GD)

• Drug Name: Cidofovir
• Synonyms: CDV; Cidofovirum; Forvade; HPMPC; Vistide; Cidofovir anhydrous; GS 0504; GS 504; GS504; Cidofovir (Vistide); Cidofovir (anhydrous); GS-0504; GS-504; Vistide (TN); Vistide, Cidofovir; [(2S)-1-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl]oxymethylphosphonic acid; (2S)-3-Hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl-cytosine; (S)-1-(3-Hydroxy-2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)cytosine; (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy)-propyl]cytosine; (S)-2-(4-Amino-2-oxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy)methyl phosphonic acid; (S)-HPMPC; (s)-[[2-(4-amino-2-oxo-1(2h)-pyrimidinyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl]phosphonic acid; ({[(2S)-1-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phosphonic acid; 1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine; 1-[(S)-3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-cytosine dihydrate

Indication

Disease Entry	ICD 11	Status	REF
Cytomegalovirus infection	1D82	Approved	[1]

• Therapeutic Class: Anti-HIV Agents
• Drug Type: Small molecular drug
• #Ro5 Violations (Lipinski): 1:
  Molecular Weight (mw); 279.19
  Topological Polar Surface Area (xlogp); -3.6
  Rotatable Bond Count (rotbonds); 6
  Hydrogen Bond Donor Count (hbonddonor); 4
  Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count (hbondacc); 6
• ADMET Property:
  Absorption: The absorption of drug is 100% [2]
  BDDCS Class: Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) Class 3: high solubility and low permeability [3]
  Clearance: The drug present in the plasma can be removed from the body at the rate of 2.5 mL/min/kg [4]
  Elimination: 90% of drug is excreted from urine in the unchanged form [3]
  Half-life: The concentration or amount of drug in body reduced by one-half in 2.4 - 3.2 hours [4]
  MRTD: The Maximum Recommended Therapeutic Dose (MRTD) of drug that ensured maximising efficacy and moderate side effect is 17.909 micromolar/kg/day [5]
  Unbound Fraction: The unbound fraction of drug in plasma is 1% [4]
  Vd: The volume of distribution (Vd) of drug is 0.537 L/kg [6]
  Water Solubility: The ability of drug to dissolve in water is measured as 170 mg/mL [3]
• Chemical Identifiers:
  Formula: C8H14N3O6P
  IUPAC Name: [(2S)-1-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl]oxymethylphosphonic acid
  Canonical SMILES: C1=CN(C(=O)N=C1N)C[C@@H](CO)OCP(=O)(O)O
  InChI: InChI=1S/C8H14N3O6P/c9-7-1-2-11(8(13)10-7)3-6(4-12)17-5-18(14,15)16/h1-2,6,12H,3-5H2,(H2,9,10,13)(H2,14,15,16)/t6-/m0/s1
  InChIKey: VWFCHDSQECPREK-LURJTMIESA-N
• Cross-matching ID:
  PubChem CID: 60613
  ChEBI ID: CHEBI:3696
  CAS Number: 113852-37-2
  DrugBank ID: DB00369
  TTD ID: D04AAW
  VARIDT ID: DR00066
  ACDINA ID: D00946

Molecular Interaction Atlas of This Drug

Drug Therapeutic Target (DTT)

DTT Name	DTT ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase UL30 (HSV UL30)	TTIU7X1	DPOL_HHV11	Modulator	[7]

Drug Transporter (DTP)

DTP Name	DTP ID	UniProt ID	MOA	REF
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (ABCC2)	DTFI42L	MRP2_HUMAN	Substrate	[8]
Organic anion transporter 1 (SLC22A6)	DTQ23VB	S22A6_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]
Organic anion transporter 3 (SLC22A8)	DTVP67E	S22A8_HUMAN	Substrate	[9]

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) Information of This Drug

Coadministration of a Drug Treating the Disease Different from Cidofovir (Comorbidity)

DDI Drug Name	DDI Drug ID	Severity	Mechanism	Comorbidity	REF
Remdesivir	DMBFZ6L	Moderate	Decreased renal excretion of Cidofovir caused by Remdesivir mediated nephrotoxicity.	1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019 [1D6YCoronavirus Disease 2019]	[43]
Framycetin	DMF8DNE	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Framycetin.	Alcoholic liver disease [DB94]	[44]
Inotersen	DMJ93CT	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Inotersen.	Amyloidosis [5D00]	[44]
Kanamycin	DM2DMPO	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Kanamycin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Amikacin	DM5PDRB	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Amikacin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Streptomycin	DME1LQN	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Streptomycin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Gentamicin	DMKINJO	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Gentamicin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Netilmicin	DMRD1QK	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Netilmicin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Tobramycin	DMUI0CH	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Tobramycin.	Bacterial infection [1A00-1C4Z]	[44]
Etidronic acid	DM1XHYJ	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Etidronic acid.	Bone paget disease [FB85]	[44]
Iodipamide	DMXIQYS	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Iodipamide.	Cholelithiasis [DC11]	[44]
Phenylbutazone	DMAYL0T	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Phenylbutazone.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[44]
Ketoprofen	DMRKXPT	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Ketoprofen.	Chronic pain [MG30]	[44]
Oxaliplatin	DMQNWRD	Moderate	Decreased renal excretion of Cidofovir caused by Oxaliplatin mediated nephrotoxicity.	Colorectal cancer [2B91]	[45]
Methoxyflurane	DML0RAE	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Methoxyflurane.	Corneal disease [9A76-9A78]	[44]
Mefenamic acid	DMK7HFI	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Mefenamic acid.	Female pelvic pain [GA34]	[44]
Pentamidine	DMHZJCG	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Pentamidine.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[44]
Amphotericin B	DMTAJQE	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Amphotericin B.	Fungal infection [1F29-1F2F]	[44]
177Lu-DOTATATE	DMT8GVU	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and 177Lu-DOTATATE.	Hepatitis virus infection [1E50-1E51]	[44]
Zidovudine	DM4KI7O	Moderate	Decreased metabolism of Cidofovir caused by Zidovudine.	Human immunodeficiency virus disease [1C60-1C62]	[44]
Givosiran	DM5PFIJ	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Givosiran.	Inborn porphyrin/heme metabolism error [5C58]	[44]
Balsalazide	DMO091F	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Balsalazide.	Indeterminate colitis [DD72]	[44]
Meclofenamic acid	DM05FXR	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Meclofenamic acid.	Inflammatory spondyloarthritis [FA92]	[44]
Methotrexate	DM2TEOL	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Methotrexate.	Leukaemia [2A60-2B33]	[44]
Ibandronate	DM0QZBN	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Ibandronate.	Low bone mass disorder [FB83]	[44]
Moxetumomab pasudotox	DMN63DZ	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Moxetumomab pasudotox.	Mature B-cell leukaemia [2A82]	[44]
Clofarabine	DMCVJ86	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Clofarabine.	Mature B-cell lymphoma [2A85]	[44]
Exjade	DMHPRWG	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Exjade.	Mineral absorption/transport disorder [5C64]	[44]
Gallium nitrate	DMF9O6B	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Gallium nitrate.	Mineral excesses [5B91]	[44]
Zoledronate	DMIXC7G	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Zoledronate.	Mineral excesses [5B91]	[44]
Rofecoxib	DM3P5DA	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Rofecoxib.	Osteoarthritis [FA00-FA05]	[44]
Valdecoxib	DMAY7H4	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Valdecoxib.	Osteoarthritis [FA00-FA05]	[44]
Diclofenac	DMPIHLS	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Diclofenac.	Osteoarthritis [FA00-FA05]	[44]
Naproxen	DMZ5RGV	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Naproxen.	Osteoarthritis [FA00-FA05]	[44]
Carboplatin	DMG281S	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Carboplatin.	Ovarian cancer [2C73]	[44]
Etodolac	DM6WJO9	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Etodolac.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[44]
Diflunisal	DM7EN8I	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Diflunisal.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[44]
Ibuprofen	DM8VCBE	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Ibuprofen.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[44]
Nabumetone	DMAT2XH	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Nabumetone.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[44]
Piroxicam	DMTK234	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Piroxicam.	Pain [MG30-MG3Z]	[44]
Streptozocin	DMOF7AT	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Streptozocin.	Pancreatic cancer [2C10]	[44]
Pemetrexed	DMMX2E6	Moderate	Decreased renal excretion of Cidofovir caused by Pemetrexed mediated nephrotoxicity.	Pleural mesothelioma [2C26]	[46]
Ketorolac	DMI4EL5	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Ketorolac.	Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43]	[44]
Bromfenac	DMKB79O	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Bromfenac.	Postoperative inflammation [1A00-CA43]	[44]
Temsirolimus	DMS104F	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Temsirolimus.	Renal cell carcinoma [2C90]	[44]
Colistimethate	DMZ9BMU	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Colistimethate.	Respiratory infection [CA07-CA4Z]	[44]
Salsalate	DM13P4C	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Salsalate.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[44]
Meloxicam	DM2AR7L	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Meloxicam.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[44]
Sulindac	DM2QHZU	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Sulindac.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[44]
Penicillamine	DM40EF6	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Penicillamine.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[44]
Celecoxib	DM6LOQU	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Celecoxib.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[44]
Oxaprozin	DM9UB0P	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Oxaprozin.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[44]
Flurbiprofen	DMGN4BY	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Flurbiprofen.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[44]
Sulfasalazine	DMICA9H	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Sulfasalazine.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[44]
Fenoprofen	DML5VQ0	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Fenoprofen.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[44]
Tolmetin	DMWUIJE	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Tolmetin.	Rheumatoid arthritis [FA20]	[44]
Bacitracin	DM5OHYE	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Bacitracin.	Skin and skin-structure infection [1F28-1G0Z]	[44]
Cyclophosphamide	DM4O2Z7	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Cyclophosphamide.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[44]
Ifosfamide	DMCT3I8	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Ifosfamide.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[44]
Cisplatin	DMRHGI9	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Cisplatin.	Solid tumour/cancer [2A00-2F9Z]	[44]
Telavancin	DM58VQX	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Telavancin.	Staphylococcal/streptococcal disease [1B5Y]	[44]
Sirolimus	DMGW1ID	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Sirolimus.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[44]
Tacrolimus	DMZ7XNQ	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Tacrolimus.	Transplant rejection [NE84]	[44]
Olsalazine	DMZW9HA	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Olsalazine.	Ulcerative colitis [DD71]	[44]
Plazomicin	DMKMBES	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Plazomicin.	Urinary tract infection [GC08]	[44]
Ganciclovir	DM1MBYQ	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Ganciclovir.	Virus infection [1A24-1D9Z]	[44]
Valaciclovir	DMHKS94	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Valaciclovir.	Virus infection [1A24-1D9Z]	[44]
Valganciclovir	DMS2IUH	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Valganciclovir.	Virus infection [1A24-1D9Z]	[44]
Aciclovir	DMYLOVR	Major	Increased risk of nephrotoxicity by the combination of Cidofovir and Aciclovir.	Virus infection [1A24-1D9Z]	[44]

Drug Inactive Ingredient(s) (DIG) and Formulation(s) of This Drug

DIG

DIG Name	DIG ID	PubChem CID	Functional Classification
Hydrochloric acid	E00015	313	Acidulant
Sodium hydroxide	E00234	14798	Alkalizing agent
Water	E00035	962	Solvent

Pharmaceutical Formulation

Formulation Name	Drug Dosage	Dosage Form	Route
Cidofovir 375mg/5ml injectable	375mg/5ml	Injectable	Injection

Jump to Detail Pharmaceutical Formulation Page of This Drug

References

• [1] Emerging antiviral drugs. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2008 Sep;13(3):393-416.
• [2] FDA approval: ado-trastuzumab emtansine for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 1;20(17):4436-41.
• [3] BDDCS applied to over 900 drugs
• [4] Trend Analysis of a Database of Intravenous Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Humans for 1352 Drug Compounds
• [5] Estimating the safe starting dose in phase I clinical trials and no observed effect level based on QSAR modeling of the human maximum recommended daily dose
• [6] An FDA phase I clinical trial of quinacrine sterilization (QS). Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003 Oct;83 Suppl 2:S45-9.
• [7] Drugs@FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
• [8] Mammalian drug efflux transporters of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family in multidrug resistance: A review of the past decade. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 1;370(1):153-64.
• [9] Renal transport of adefovir, cidofovir, and tenofovir by SLC22A family members (hOAT1, hOAT3, and hOCT2). Pharm Res. 2007 Apr;24(4):811-5.
• [10] Involvement of the drug transporters p glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein Mrp2 in telithromycin transport. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Jan;50(1):80-7.
• [11] Dose-dependent disposition of methotrexate in Abcc2 and Abcc3 gene knockout murine models. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Nov;39(11):2155-61.
• [12] Mammalian multidrug-resistance proteins (MRPs). Essays Biochem. 2011 Sep 7;50(1):179-207.
• [13] Enhancing chemosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma by lentivirus vector-mediated RNA interference targeting EGFR and MRP2. Oncol Lett. 2016 Sep;12(3):2107-2114.
• [14] Multidrug resistance associated protein 2 mediates transport of prostaglandin E2. Liver Int. 2006 Apr;26(3):362-8.
• [15] Lentivirus-mediated RNAi silencing targeting ABCC2 increasing the sensitivity of a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line against cisplatin. J Transl Med. 2008 Oct 4;6:55.
• [16] Effect of acetaminophen on expression and activity of rat liver multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and P-glycoprotein. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 15;68(4):791-8.
• [17] Small intestinal efflux mediated by MRP2 and BCRP shifts sulfasalazine intestinal permeability from high to low, enabling its colonic targeting. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009 Aug;297(2):G371-7.
• [18] Delineating the contribution of secretory transporters in the efflux of etoposide using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells overexpressing P-glycoprotein (Pgp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1), and canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT). Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Apr;30(4):457-63.
• [19] Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 (MRP2) Mediated Transport of Oxaliplatin-Derived Platinum in Membrane Vesicles. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 1;10(7):e0130727.
• [20] The anti-influenza drug oseltamivir exhibits low potential to induce pharmacokinetic drug interactions via renal secretion-correlation of in vivo and in vitro studies. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Jan;30(1):13-9.
• [21] Transport of aminopterin by human organic anion transporters hOAT1 and hOAT3: Comparison with methotrexate. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2010;25(2):163-9.
• [22] Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal transport of prostaglandins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Apr;301(1):293-8.
• [23] Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):918-24.
• [24] Expression levels of renal organic anion transporters (OATs) and their correlation with anionic drug excretion in patients with renal diseases. Pharm Res. 2004 Jan;21(1):61-7.
• [25] Multiple human isoforms of drug transporters contribute to the hepatic and renal transport of olmesartan, a selective antagonist of the angiotensin II AT1-receptor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Dec;35(12):2166-76.
• [26] Interaction of zalcitabine with human organic anion transporter 1. Pharmazie. 2006 May;61(5):491-2.
• [27] Apical expression or expression in a non polarized cell of hOAT1 inverses regulation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) as compared to basolateral hOAT1. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2004;14(3):177-86.
• [28] Methotrexate-loxoprofen interaction: involvement of human organic anion transporters hOAT1 and hOAT3. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2004 Oct;19(5):369-74.
• [29] Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86.
• [30] Prediction of the overall renal tubular secretion and hepatic clearance of anionic drugs and a renal drug-drug interaction involving organic anion transporter 3 in humans by in vitro uptake experiments. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Jun;39(6):1031-8.
• [31] Murine renal organic anion transporters mOAT1 and mOAT3 facilitate the transport of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2005 Nov;289(5):C1075-84.
• [32] Organic anion transporter 3 is involved in the brain-to-blood efflux transport of thiopurine nucleobase analogs. J Neurochem. 2004 Aug;90(4):931-41.
• [33] Transporter-mediated influx and efflux mechanisms of pitavastatin, a new inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005 Oct;57(10):1305-11.
• [34] The contribution of organic anion transporters OAT1 and OAT3 to the renal uptake of rosuvastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Sep;322(3):1221-7.
• [35] Aspirin and probenecid inhibit organic anion transporter 3-mediated renal uptake of cilostazol and probenecid induces metabolism of cilostazol in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014 Jun;42(6):996-1007.
• [36] Chromatin-associated proteins HMGB1/2 and PDIA3 trigger cellular response to chemotherapy-induced DNA damage. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009 Apr;8(4):864-72.
• [37] Application of real time polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2009 Feb;30(2):77-81.
• [38] Extensive oral shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in a renal allograft recipient. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2009 Apr;24(2):109-15.
• [39] Drug targets in cytomegalovirus infection. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Apr;9(2):201-22.
• [40] Antimicrobial strategies: inhibition of viral polymerases by 3'-hydroxyl nucleosides. Drugs. 2009;69(2):151-66.
• [41] Penciclovir cream--improved topical treatment for herpes simplex infections. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2004 Sep-Oct;17(5):214-8.
• [42] Current pharmacological approaches to the therapy of varicella zoster virus infections: a guide to treatment. Drugs. 1999 Feb;57(2):187-206.
• [43] Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
• [44] Product Information. Vistide (cidofovir). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
• [45] Product Information. Eloxatin (oxaliplatin). Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY.
• [46] Product Information. Alimta (pemetrexed). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.